Causes

  Genetics
  Hormonal
  Environmental
  Genital Trauma
  Infection
  Pelvic Surgery
  Radiation Exposure
  Ejaculation Obstruction

Treatment

  Hormonal correction
  Varicocele surgery
  ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm insemination) After sperm retrieval from epididymis or testis
  Various techniques of sperm extraction
        PESA - Percutaneous Epididymal sperm aspiration
        MESA - Microsurgical Epididymal sperm aspiration
        TESA – Testicular sperm aspiration
        TESE – Testicular sperm extraction
        Microsurgical TESE
        Donor sperm IUI or IVF/ ICSI